Spring Symbolism and Myth: Archetypal deities, Spring gods and goddesses

What is the Spring Equinox? 

(Wonderful artwork by IrenHorrors)

The Spring equinox is a cosmic event that marks the magnificent moment when the celestial sphere is in exquisite balance. It's a day when the sun crosses the celestial equator, creating a harmonious intersection between the earth's equator and the sun's position.

This equinox is a breathtaking symphony of science and nature, where the day and night are almost equal in length. As the earth tilts towards the sun, the northern hemisphere welcomes Spring while the southern hemisphere prepares for Autumn.

What's the Symbolism of Spring? 

Spring is a time of renewal, rebirth, regeneration, growth, and new beginnings. The earth awakens from its slumber and blossoms into a vivid and vibrant display of colors. The air is crisp, and the breeze is warm, signaling the end of the winter blues and the start of a new season filled with hope and promise.

The spring season is rich with symbolism, encompassing various meanings depending on cultural and traditional perspectives. Its significance is interpreted uniquely, reflecting the diverse ways people perceive and embrace the beauty and magic of this season.

Rebirth, Renewal, and Revival

Spring is widely recognized for its powerful symbolism of rebirth, renewal, and revival. As the season emerges from the bleakness of winter's cold and barren landscape, it offers a fresh start and a new lease on life. It's a time when nature's resilience is on full display, with trees budding, flowers blooming, and animals reemerging from hibernation. 

Through this renewal cycle, Spring represents hope for a brighter future and the potential for growth and transformation. From the sprouting of fresh leaves on trees to the blooming of colorful flowers and the arrival of newborn animals, the rebirth and renewal of Spring is a powerful reminder of the beauty and wonder of life.

Spring is often associated with birth and rebirth, reflecting a time of fertility and reproduction across many cultures. As the weather grows warmer and the days grow longer, animals are inspired to mate and procreate. At the same time, farmers prepare the land for planting, hoping for a fruitful harvest. 

Growth and Development

Spring represents a season of dynamic growth and development in the natural world and within ourselves. This time of year is marked by new opportunities and possibilities, which offer fertile ground for planting the seeds of our dreams and aspirations. With the earth awakening from its slumber, Spring gives us the perfect canvas to nurture and cultivate our personal growth and self-improvement. This might mean new pursuits, learning new skills, or improving our physical or mental well-being.

The Symbolism of Spring in the Ancient World 

Humans have celebrated the seasons' turning with unique energy and vibrancy for millennia. Yet, none is more cherished than the arrival of Spring. As the earth awakens from the grip of winter, the promise of new beginnings and freedom from darkness and cold gives rise to a surge of emotions celebrated through religious and spiritual rites and rituals.

For our ancestors, the changing of the seasons was a deeply spiritual experience, as they believed that all aspects of life were interconnected with the divine. Spring, in particular, held a special significance as it marked the return of fertility and rebirth, making it a time of great importance for agricultural communities. Thus, Spring seasonal rites celebrated nature's renewal and an affirmation of humanity's close relationship with the earth and its cycles.

Through these ancient rituals, humans expressed their awe and reverence for the transformative power of Spring and the spiritual significance that it held for them. Today, we continue to honor these traditions as we celebrate the arrival of Spring and the promise of new beginnings it brings.

Spring Symbolism in Ancient Babylonia

In the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia, the arrival of Spring was a time of grand celebration, marked by elaborate rites and rituals that paid tribute to the wonder and power of nature. Among these traditions was the Babylonian reenactment of their Creation myth, which spoke to the enduring power of storytelling in capturing the essence of the human experience.

The Babylonians celebrated the rebirth of the natural world with a splendid festival called Akitu, which occurred following the first new moon after the Spring (vernal) equinox in late March. This multi-day celebration, dating back to around 2000 B.C., was deeply intertwined with faith and legend. 

During the Akitu, statues of the gods were marched through the city streets, and embellish rituals were performed to signify their triumph over the forces of chaos. These rituals were seen as a way to purify and revitalize the world, preparing it for the coming of the new year and the return of Spring.

Spring Symbolism in Ancient Greece

Anthesteria, a traditional festival from ancient Greece, celebrated wine's ripening and Spring's arrival. Dionysus, the god of the grape harvest, winemaking, wine, ecstasy, and carnal desire, was honored during this Athenian festival. The name Anthesteria was derived from the verb anthein (ἀνθεῖν: to bloom).

The festival was also a ceremony of revocation where the deceased were summoned back to the realm of the living. The Anthesteria was also known as a festival where the people would ceremoniously banish the Keres, malignant female spirits, from their homes.

Some have proposed that the Anthesteria festival was designed to mirror a rite of passage ceremony. During the celebration, boys and girls who had recently emerged from infancy donned floral crowns, symbolizing their growth and development akin to the vine's maturation and the grapes' ripening.

Spring Symbolism in Ancient Rome

Cerealia Festival in Ancient Rome

Ovid's writings imply a primitive nature to the Cerealia festival, which lasted seven days from mid to late April. During a nighttime ceremony, live foxes had blazing torches attached to their tails. They were released into the Circus Maximus, hinting at the festival's ancient origins and savage undertones.

The purpose and origins of this ritual remain a mystery, with some speculating that it was meant to purify the crops and safeguard them against disease and pests, while others believe it aimed to infuse vitality and warmth into the growing crops. 

According to Ovid, in the distant past, a farm boy caught a fox stealing chickens and attempted to burn the fox alive. However, the fox managed to escape, setting fire to the fields and crops that were sacred to Ceres. As a result, foxes have been punished during her festival ever since.

Parilia Festival in Ancient Rome

Parilia is an age-old Roman festival commemorated every April to honor Pales, the deity responsible for guarding flocks and herds. The festival primarily constituted a cleansing ritual for herdsmen, their animals, and stables, which entailed ceremonial washing, anointing, decoration of the flocks and stalls, and offering of simple foods. The participants jumped over a bonfire three times to conclude the purification ceremony. An outdoor banquet marked the festival's conclusion.

Floralia Festival in Ancient Rome

The Floralia festival was a Roman celebration of the goddess Flora, aimed at invoking her protection of blossoms, crucial to the growth cycle of food-producing plants. The Ludi Florales, a series of games and theatrical shows, accompanied the festivities. Participants adorned their hair with floral wreaths reminiscent of modern May Day celebrations. Following the performances, the merriment continued in the Circus Maximus, where animals were released, and beans were sprinkled to ensure fertility.

Hilaria Festival in Ancient Rome

The vernal equinox marked the beginning of the ancient Hilaria festival, a joyous celebration in honor of the goddess Cybele. It was a day of rest and festivity, with public sacrifices and rejoicing throughout the festival. Participants were expected to avoid any display of grief except on the "Day of Mourning." 

The Hilaria festival commemorated the myth of Cybele and Attis, a story of tragic love, self-mutilation, and regeneration, which influenced the festival's program and activities. As the first day of the year when day and night were of equal length, the Spring equinox denoted the end of winter and the beginning of the year's rebirth. Thus, Hilaria was a celebration of life and a reminder of death, mourning, and resurrection, intimately connected to the goddess Cybele and Attis.

Spring's Symbolism of Resurrection

The concept of resurrection during Spring can be traced back to numerous religions. The notion of a divine figure experiencing death and rebirth is a recurrent theme across the ancient world, predating the Bible. 

Other frequently appearing cultural symbols include feasting, dancing, abstinence from meat, masks, and costumes, protective rituals against malevolent forces that may harm crops, and the celebration of sexuality and sacred union.

What are Symbols of Spring? 

(Image from Unsplash)

The essence of Spring is encapsulated in its symbols, which signify renewal and freshness - new plant growth, newborn animals, and hatching eggs. After the dreary winter, everything feels new again, and there is a palpable sense of energy and new beginnings. Spring has always been a time of celebration, not only in religious observances but in recognition of nature's message of rebirth and rejuvenation.

The Hare

The hare is a revered animal in Celtic lore and is closely associated with Ostara, the Spring Goddess, and a symbol of the moon. The nocturnal hare represents the cycle of death and resurrection of the moon and the renewal of nature in springtime. 

Domesticated rabbits have been around since ancient Rome. With more babies in their lifetime than any other mammal, the rabbit's rapid reproductive rate has become deeply associated with fertility.

Eggs

The egg is seen as a symbol of new life, potential, and promise. It represents the Earth's fertility and the rebirth of nature. It is often considered a symbol for the entire universe in various traditions. 

The egg's significance as a symbol of Spring and new beginnings dates back to ancient times when it was believed to be a startling and miraculous event to witness a live creature hatch from a seemingly lifeless object. 

This concept of the egg as a symbol of Spring and new beginnings was not limited to any particular culture or religion, as evidenced by the Persian tradition of exchanging eggs during the Spring equinox, which marked the beginning of a new year.

Lambs & Chicks

Lambs and chicks are both social animals that can thrive in a community. Lambs are associated with gentleness and sacrifice, as they were often used in sacrificial rituals. Along with their gentle symbolism, lambs also symbolize forgiveness in the context of Spring. 

Baby chicks share many similarities with lambs in terms of their symbolism. They are also innocent, young, and unsuspecting and may be sacrificed at some point in their lives. Therefore, these symbols can carry optimistic and cautionary meanings, serving as a reminder reminding us about the consequences of creating something only to give it up later.

Easter Lillies

In the world of symbolism, Easter Lilies represent more than just a pretty flower. They embody the life, death, and renewal cycle that characterizes Spring. These elegant blooms are just one of many early spring flowers that symbolize hope, the promise of new growth and opportunities, and the joy of new beginnings. 

Throughout history, lilies have been closely linked to motherhood. One myth claims they sprang from the milk of the Queen of Olympus, Hera. This connection with motherhood may be why lilies are so often associated with Mary in the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church.

Who are the Spring gods and goddesses? Archetypal meanings of Spring deities.

(Wonderful artwork by Kat Fedora)

In mythology, the essence of Spring is deeply intertwined with the Earth's natural cycle and the turning of the Wheel of the Year. Consequently, many of these ancient stories highlight the pivotal role of fertility gods.

I intend to dedicate posts to these archetypal deities as we journey through the coming months. However, for now, let us pay tribute to the gods most closely associated with Spring across various cultures and mythologies. 

Please note that this list is merely a selection and is presented alphabetically.

Anna Perenna

In ancient Roman mythology, Anna Perenna was a goddess revered for representing the cycles of time and rejuvenation. The Ides of March, specifically March 15, was dedicated to her celebration, marking the year's first full moon in the lunar-based Roman calendar, which considered March the start of the year.

Artio

An ancient Celtic goddess, Artio embodies the cycle of hibernation and re-emergence. As the winter months end, she awakens from her deep slumber to signal the beginning of Spring. 

In Celtic mythology, bears were symbols of strength, courage, and endurance. Artio was revered as the patron goddess of bears. Her awakening symbolizes hope and renewal, representing the promise of new life and growth after darkness and dormancy. 

Asase Yaa (Ashanti)

In the season of growth and renewal, the African Earth goddess Asase Yaa (Ashanti) was venerated by the people of Nigeria and Ghana. As farmers prepared to sow their seeds, they would seek her blessings and permission before tilling the land. 

Unlike many other deities worshipped within the confines of a temple, Asase Yaa was honored in the fields, where the crops would soon thrive under her watchful gaze. 

She was the patron of agriculture, fertility, and the womb, further emphasizing her association with life and the cycles of nature. 

Nyame, her divine partner, was the sky god who brought the nourishing rains that the crops needed to flourish, ensuring a bountiful harvest.

Beaivi/Beiwe

In Sami mythology, Beaivi, also known as Beiwe, is revered as the goddess of the sun, Spring, and the fertility of plants and animals, specifically reindeer. 

Her importance lies in her association with the renewal of life and the regeneration of nature. As the sun goddess, she is believed to bring light back to the world after the long, dark winter months. This light symbolizes physical warmth, illumination, spiritual enlightenment, and rebirth. 

In the Sami culture, the reindeer is a vital source of sustenance, and so Beaivi's role as the goddess of fertility of these animals was of utmost significance.

Blodewedd

Blodewedd is a goddess in Celtic mythology. Her name, "Flower Faced," is a tribute to the beauty of springtime blooms. As a goddess, she represents the vibrant energy of the natural world in full color, bursting with life and vitality. 

However, her story turns darker as she becomes entangled in a tale of betrayal and tragedy. According to legend, Blodewedd was created out of flowers by two gods as a wife for their human son. She was unfaithful to her husband and conspired against him with another man. In punishment for her betrayal, she was transformed into an owl, a symbol of death and wisdom. 

Through her story, we see the cyclical nature of life, as the beauty and vibrancy of Spring inevitably give way to the darkness of death and winter, only to be reborn again with the coming of a new season.

Brigid 

Brigid, the Celtic goddess of multiple domains, including fire, poetry, home, smithing, medicine, and the end of winter, is an influential figure in Celtic mythology. 

The celebration of Imbolc, dedicated to her, heralds the first stirrings of Spring, as Brigid is known as the patron of fertility, creativity, and new beginnings. The goddess embodies the warmth and light of the hearth, representing the transformative power of fire that allows for the creation of new life. 

Her festival is a time to honor the power of women, their creative potential, and the hard work of those who tend to the home and hearth. Through Brigid, the Celts recognized the cycles of the seasons, the importance of balance and harmony, and the interconnectedness of all things in nature.

Dziewanna/Devana

Dziewanna, also known as Devana, is the Slavic goddess of the forest and is particularly revered in Poland. She is associated with Spring and the start of the sowing season. People would celebrate her power with festivals and processions. 

As the goddess of the forest, she is said to be able to communicate with animals and has a deep connection with nature. In addition to being a symbol of fertility and agriculture, she is also believed to have protective qualities and to watch over hunters and travelers who venture into the woods. 

Eirene (Irene/Eiar) 

In Greek mythology, Eirene, also known as Irene or Eiar, was one of the three Horai, the goddesses of the seasons, and was revered as the goddess of Spring. Her name translates to "peace," fitting as Spring represents a time of new beginnings and fresh starts. 

Along with Thallo, the goddess of Spring buds and green shoots, Eirene was responsible for the growth and renewal of the Earth during this season. Together, they were believed to be the guardians of the gates of heaven, controlling the change of seasons and the flow of time. Thallo was responsible for the initial stages of Spring, bringing new growth and greenery to the land. At the same time, Eirene oversaw the season, ensuring it was a time of peace, harmony, and growth.

Flora

In ancient Roman mythology, Flora was the goddess of Spring, gardens, and flowers. She was considered the embodiment of nature and all plant life and her name now serves as a synonym for plant species. The Floralia, the annual festival celebrated in April and May, was a joyous revelry. People danced around maypoles, adorned themselves with blossoms, and gathered flowers. 

Freya

Freya, the Norse goddess of fertility, was known to have a close relationship with the natural world and was particularly associated with the growth and blooming of Spring flowers. In the depths of winter, Freya retreats into the Underworld. As the season changes, she emerges once more to assist in plants' growth and the earth's renewal. The Norse people honored Freya with offerings and sacrifices during the Spring, seeking her blessing for their crops and harvest. 

Gaia / Gaea

Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth, is not merely a deity; she is a personification of the very land we live on. She represents the intrinsic connection between all living things and the Earth itself. 

Gaia is often called the Mother of All. She birthed gods, titans, and monsters, making her one of the most influential deities in the Greek pantheon. Although not explicitly associated with Spring, her power extends to all seasons, as the Earth's cycles are integral to her being. 

Hare Ke

Hare Ke, the Namibian goddess of Spring rains, holds an important place in African mythology as the bringer of life and fertility to the land. As the harsh dry season comes to an end, Hare Ke descends from the heavens, spreading rejuvenating rains over the parched earth, signifying the start of a new agricultural cycle. 

Hare Ke's arrival marks the beginning of hope and prosperity, and she is celebrated by the people with feasts, dances, and offerings. It is said that before the first crops are sown, the people would seek her blessings and offer thanks for her bountiful gifts by performing ceremonies and invoking her name. 

Idunn

(Wonderful art by IrenHorrors)

Idunn, the Norse goddess of Spring and rejuvenation, was pivotal in preserving the gods' eternal youthfulness. She was the guardian of the sacred apples, the source of the gods' eternal vitality. Her duty was to keep these apples safe and ensure the gods never lost their youth. 

According to legend, she was once kidnapped by the giant Thjazi, and without her apples, the gods began to age and lose their strength. Her rescue and the recovery of the apples were celebrated by the gods and marked the arrival of Spring. However, even her magical apples could not protect the gods during the ultimate battle of Ragnarök, where the world's end was prophesized.

Jarylo

Jarylo, the Slavic deity of vegetation and fertility, is a celebrated god known for his connection to Spring. Legend has it that Jarylo would journey from a distant land beyond the sea to return to his homeland, marking the arrival of Spring.

The return of Jarylo was a time of great rejoicing, and songs were sung to herald his arrival, recounting tales of his journey and the blessings of fertility and abundance that would follow. People would dance and perform rituals, blessing the land with his power and ensuring a fruitful harvest and prosperous year ahead. 

Konohanasakuya-hime

(Image from Wikimedia Commons)

Konohanasakuya-hime is the revered Shinto goddess known as the guardian of Mount Fuji and the patron of volcanic activity.

Her influence extends beyond the fiery mountainside, as she is also closely associated with the beauty of Spring and the vitality of earthly life. Her name literally means "tree blossom blooming princess." As such, her symbol is the delicate and fleeting sakura or cherry blossom. 

Kostroma

The Slavic goddess Kostroma embodies the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. As the goddess of Spring, fertility, and Summer, she brings new life to the earth each year. Kostroma dies at the end of each Spring, symbolizing the end of one life cycle and the beginning of another. As the year's wheel turns, Kostroma is reborn at the end of winter, promising new growth, abundance, and prosperity. She is a reminder that life is a never-ending cycle. Even in times of darkness and death, there is always hope for new beginnings and the promise of a bright future.

Lada

(Art by yanadhyana on DeviantArt)

Lada, the Slavic goddess of Spring, love, and beauty, is revered for her association with the vibrant and colorful season of Spring. She is also known as the Lady of the Flowers and is celebrated for influencing nature's blossoming and growth. 

Lada represents the beauty and elegance of femininity, making her a goddess of love and fertility. Her return from the Underworld, much like Persephone, is celebrated as the arrival of Spring. In Slavic mythology, Lada's arrival also signals the renewal of life and the triumph of light over darkness. She symbolizes hope and joy, bringing with her the promise of new beginnings and the bountiful gifts of nature.

Libera

Libera, the Roman goddess of fertility, embodied the essence of growth and abundance, not just for the land but also for women. 

Her name is derived from the Latin word "liber," meaning free. Thus she was believed to liberate the earth from winter's grip, ushering in the rejuvenating power of Spring. 

In addition to promoting fertility, Libera was believed to protect crops from malevolent forces, ensuring a bountiful harvest for all. Her influence was particularly felt during the festival of Liber Pater, which was celebrated in Rome during Spring to honor her and her male counterpart, Liber, the god of wine and fertility.

Ninhursag

With the deft touch of a divine artist, Ninhursag, the Sumerian primordial goddess, breathed life into the first humans fashioned from the clay of the Earth. 

Her creative power extends beyond human life, as she embodies the essence of all flora and fauna that thrive on our planet. Known as the Lady of the Mountain, Ninhursag commands the very heart of nature, and her name resounds as a symbol of the raw majesty and power of the Earth itself.

Olwen

As the sun's warmth begins to unfurl the buds of Spring, the Celtic goddess Olwen emerges from the golden horizon, bearing the promise of new life and rebirth. 

Known as the "golden wheel," her radiance imbues the world with vitality and light. As she walks, a trail of white clovers springs forth in her wake, marking her path with the purity of her presence. 

Olwen's arrival heralds the arrival of a new season, and all those who behold her are filled with awe and wonder at the boundless power of nature's eternal cycles.

Osiris

Among the pantheon of Egyptian deities, Osiris stands as a divine embodiment of fertility, agriculture, vegetation, rebirth, and the afterlife. 

His mythic tale of death and resurrection echoes throughout the ages, a testament to the enduring power of his legend. As a patron of the land, he passed on the sacred knowledge of farming and agriculture to humanity, a gift that has nourished countless generations. 

With his eternal wisdom and boundless compassion, Osiris remains an enduring symbol of the interconnectedness between life, death, and the ever-turning cycles of the natural world.

Ostara

As the last vestiges of winter fade away, the radiant presence of Ostara, the Celtic goddess of Spring, floods the world with vibrant energy and boundless potential. 

Revered as a deity of fertility and rebirth, her influence extends far beyond her native land. In fact, her symbols - such as the hare and the egg - have become integral to the Christian celebration of Easter, a testament to the enduring resonance of her mythic legacy. 

And yet, Ostara is not alone in her dominion over Spring, for she is closely related to Ēostre, the Germanic goddess of renewal and growth. In literature and legend, the two are often spoken of in the same breath, their shared power and wisdom a testament to the enduring majesty of the natural world.

Persephone

(Wonderful artwork by Abigail Larson)

Persephone, the Greek goddess of Spring growth, reigns as both a radiant figure of life and a formidable queen of the Underworld. 

As the beloved daughter of Demeter, goddess of agriculture, her journey between worlds holds the power to shape the fabric of the natural world. Each fall, as Persephone descends into the darkness below, her mother sinks into sorrowful despair, and the once-lush lands wither and fade. But with Persephone's triumphant return in the Spring, the world awakens anew, bursting forth with vibrant life and renewed abundance. 

Through the endless cycles of death and rebirth, Persephone and Demeter embody the eternal power of the natural world, their intertwined destinies woven into the fabric of creation itself.

Proserpina

As the gentle caress of springtime unfurls across the land, the Roman goddess Proserpina emerges as a powerful symbol of the life cycle itself. 

In her realm as the daughter of Ceres, goddess of agriculture and abundance, Proserpina reigns as a luminous embodiment of the natural world's eternal cycles of growth, death, and rebirth. 

Like her Greek counterpart, Persephone, Proserpina holds dominion over the Underworld. Her journeys between worlds shape the essence of existence. With each passing season, Proserpina's wisdom and power echo throughout the land, a testament to the enduring majesty of the natural world and the divine forces that guide its ceaseless rhythms.

Rafu-Sen

In the pantheon of Shinto deities, the graceful presence of Rafu-Sen reigns supreme as the goddess of the plum tree and its delicate blossoms. Through her luminous beauty, Rafu-Sen embodies the eternal cycles of nature's rebirth, her spirit imbued with the very essence of the changing seasons. 

And yet, her power extends far beyond the realm of mere aesthetics, for she is also a powerful symbol of bravery, heralding the arrival of Spring even while snow still blankets the earth.

Saraswati

(Image from Wikimedia Commons)

In Hindu mythology's rich tapestry, Saraswati's luminous figure stands as a radiant embodiment of the arts, wisdom, and learning. Her divine presence illuminates the essence of springtime, a time of renewal and growth that celebrates the boundless potential of the human spirit. 

Her followers honor her luminous spirit each year during the sacred festival of Saraswati Puja, a joyous celebration of creativity, knowledge, and the infinite depths of the human soul. 

With lotus blossoms and the sacred Vedas as her constant companions, Saraswati stands as a luminous beacon of hope and inspiration.

Sita

In Hindu mythology, the radiant goddess Sita emerges as a luminous embodiment of the Earth's abundance and the life-giving power of Spring. Her very name, which means "furrow," speaks to her close association with the land and the cycles of planting and growth that sustain life itself. 

Vesna

The luminous Slavic goddess Vesna reigns supreme as the radiant embodiment of youth and the life-giving power of Spring. Her very name evokes a sense of vibrant energy and renewal, suggesting a messenger of the season itself, a living embodiment of the boundless potential of the human spirit. 

Xipe Totec

Xipe Totec, the revered Mesoamerican deity of the Toltec and Aztec cultures, reigns supreme as the patron of Spring, agriculture, and the life-giving power of vegetation. With his boundless wisdom and grace, he oversees the growth and planting of seeds, nurturing the natural world and bringing forth a radiant bounty of crops and abundance. 

Yet Xipe Totec is more than just a guardian of the land, for he is also the beloved patron of metalworkers and gemstone workers, presiding over the creation of exquisite works of art and craftsmanship.

Warmly,

Anny

❤️🦉💜

References

Cavendish, R. (1983). Man, myth and magic: the illustrated encyclopedia of mythology, religion and the unknown. Marshall Cavendish.

Coleman, J. A. (2007). The Dictionary of Mythology: An AZ of Themes, Legends and Heroes. Arcturus Publishing.

Littleton, C. S. (2002). Mythology: the illustrated anthology of world myth & storytelling. Duncan Baird.

Martin, K., & Ronnberg, A. (2010). The book of symbols: Reflections on archetypal images. Taschen.

Nozedar, A. (2010). The illustrated signs & symbols sourcebook: An A to Z compendium of over 1000 designs. Harper.